Makamashi, a matsayin tushen ci gaban wayewar ɗan adam, koyaushe yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Yana da garantin ci gaban al'ummar ɗan adam. Tare da ruwa, iska, da abinci, yana samar da yanayi da ake buƙata don rayuwar ɗan adam kuma yana shafar rayuwar ɗan adam kai tsaye.

Ci gaban masana'antar makamashi ya fuskanci manyan sauye-sauye guda biyu daga "zamanin" itacen wuta zuwa "zamanin" kwal, sannan daga "zamanin" kwal zuwa "zamanin" mai. Yanzu ya fara canzawa daga "zamanin" mai zuwa "zamanin" canjin makamashi mai sabuntawa.

Tun daga kwal a matsayin babban tushen makamashi a farkon karni na 19 zuwa man fetur a matsayin babban tushen makamashi a tsakiyar karni na 20, mutane sun yi amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu a babban sikelin tsawon sama da shekaru 200. Duk da haka, tsarin makamashin duniya wanda makamashin burbushin halittu ya mamaye ya sa ba ya da nisa da raguwar makamashin burbushin halittu.

Manyan jiragen ruwa guda uku na gargajiya da ke amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu da kwal, mai da iskar gas ke wakilta za su ƙare cikin sauri a cikin sabon ƙarni, kuma a cikin tsarin amfani da konewa, zai kuma haifar da tasirin greenhouse, ya samar da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu yawa, kuma ya gurɓata muhalli.

Saboda haka, ya zama dole a rage dogaro da makamashin burbushin halittu, a canza tsarin amfani da makamashi mara amfani da shi, sannan a nemi sabon makamashi mai sabuntawa mai tsafta wanda ba ya gurbata muhalli.

A halin yanzu, makamashin da ake sabuntawa ya ƙunshi makamashin iska, makamashin hydrogen, makamashin rana, makamashin biomass, makamashin ruwa da makamashin geothermal, da sauransu, kuma makamashin iska da makamashin rana sune wuraren bincike a duk duniya.

Duk da haka, har yanzu yana da matuƙar wahala a cimma ingantaccen canji da adana hanyoyin samar da makamashi daban-daban masu sabuntawa, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wuya a yi amfani da su yadda ya kamata.

A wannan yanayin, domin a cimma nasarar amfani da sabbin makamashi masu sabuntawa ta hanyar amfani da su yadda ya kamata, ya zama dole a samar da sabuwar fasahar adana makamashi mai dacewa da inganci, wacce kuma ta zama abin jan hankali a cikin binciken zamantakewa na yanzu.

A halin yanzu, batirin lithium-ion, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin batirin sakandare mafi inganci, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin na'urori daban-daban na lantarki, sufuri, sararin samaniya da sauran fannoni, hasashen ci gaba yana da wahala.

Sifofin jiki da sinadarai na sodium da lithium iri ɗaya ne, kuma yana da tasirin adana makamashi. Saboda wadataccen abun da ke ciki, rarraba tushen sodium iri ɗaya, da ƙarancin farashi, ana amfani da shi a cikin fasahar adana makamashi mai girma, wanda ke da halaye na ƙarancin farashi da inganci mai yawa.

Kayan lantarki masu kyau da marasa kyau na batirin sodium ion sun haɗa da mahaɗan ƙarfe na transition, polyanions, phosphates na ƙarfe na transition, nanoparticles na tsakiya, mahaɗan ƙarfe, carbon mai tauri, da sauransu.

A matsayin wani sinadari mai yawan adanawa a yanayi, carbon yana da arha kuma mai sauƙin samu, kuma ya sami karbuwa sosai a matsayin kayan anode don batirin sodium-ion.

Dangane da matakin graphitization, ana iya raba kayan carbon zuwa rukuni biyu: carbon graphitic da carbon amorphous.

Carbon mai tauri, wanda ke cikin amorphous carbon, yana da ƙarfin adana sodium na 300mAh/g, yayin da kayan carbon masu babban matakin graphitization suna da wahalar isa ga amfani na kasuwanci saboda girman saman su da kuma tsari mai ƙarfi.

Saboda haka, galibi ana amfani da kayan carbon masu tauri waɗanda ba su da graphite a cikin bincike mai amfani.

Domin ƙara inganta aikin kayan anode don batirin sodium-ion, ana iya inganta hydrophilicity da kuma ikon watsar da kayan carbon ta hanyar amfani da ion doping ko compounding, wanda zai iya haɓaka aikin adana makamashi na kayan carbon.

A matsayin kayan lantarki mara kyau na batirin sodium ion, mahaɗan ƙarfe galibi carbide ne na ƙarfe mai girma biyu da nitrides. Baya ga kyawawan halaye na kayan girma biyu, ba wai kawai suna iya adana ions na sodium ta hanyar shaƙa da haɗuwa ba, har ma suna haɗuwa da sodium. Haɗin ions yana haifar da ƙarfin aiki ta hanyar halayen sinadarai don adana makamashi, ta haka yana inganta tasirin adana makamashi sosai.

Saboda tsada da wahalar samun sinadarai masu ƙarfi, har yanzu kayan carbon sune manyan kayan anode don batirin sodium-ion.

Haɓaka mahaɗan ƙarfe masu canzawa masu layi-layi yana faruwa ne bayan gano graphene. A halin yanzu, kayan da ake amfani da su a cikin batirin sodium-ion galibi sun haɗa da NaxMO4 mai layi-layi na sodium, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, da sauransu.

An fara amfani da kayan lantarki masu kyau na Polyanionic a cikin na'urorin lantarki masu kyau na batirin lithium-ion, kuma daga baya an yi amfani da su a cikin batirin sodium-ion. Muhimman kayan da aka wakilta sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u na olivine kamar NaMnPO4 da NaFePO4.

Da farko an yi amfani da sinadarin phosphate na ƙarfe na transition metal a matsayin wani abu mai kyau a cikin batirin lithium-ion. Tsarin haɗakarwa ya yi girma sosai kuma akwai tsarin lu'ulu'u da yawa.

Phosphate, a matsayin tsari mai girma uku, yana gina tsarin tsari wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage yawan sinadarin sodium da kuma hada shi, sannan kuma yana samun batirin sodium-ion mai kyakkyawan aikin adana makamashi.

Kayan tsarin harsashi na tsakiya sabon nau'in kayan anode ne na batirin sodium-ion wanda ya fito ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Dangane da kayan asali, wannan kayan ya sami tsari mara kyau ta hanyar ƙirar tsari mai kyau.

Kayan da aka fi amfani da su wajen gina harsashin tsakiya sun haɗa da nanocubes na cobalt selenide mai hollow, nanospheres na Fe-N masu co-doped na co-doped na co-doped nanospheres na Fe-N, nanospheres na carbon hollow tin oxide mai porous da sauran sifofi masu hollow.

Saboda kyawawan halayensa, tare da tsarin sihiri mai zurfi da ramuka, ƙarin aikin lantarki yana fuskantar electrolyte, kuma a lokaci guda, yana kuma haɓaka motsi na ion na electrolyte don cimma ingantaccen ajiyar makamashi.

Makamashin da ake sabuntawa a duniya yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa, wanda ke haɓaka ci gaban fasahar adana makamashi.

A halin yanzu, bisa ga hanyoyin adana makamashi daban-daban, ana iya raba shi zuwa ajiyar makamashi na zahiri da ajiyar makamashi na lantarki.

Ajiye makamashin lantarki ya cika ƙa'idodin ci gaba na sabuwar fasahar adana makamashi ta yau saboda fa'idodinta na aminci mai yawa, ƙarancin farashi, sauƙin amfani, da kuma ingantaccen aiki.

Dangane da hanyoyin amsawar lantarki daban-daban, tushen wutar lantarki na adana makamashin lantarki ya haɗa da manyan na'urori masu ƙarfi, batirin gubar-acid, batirin mai, batirin nickel-metal hydride, batirin sodium-sulfur, da batirin lithium-ion.

A fannin fasahar adana makamashi, kayan lantarki masu sassauƙa sun jawo hankalin masana kimiyya da yawa saboda bambancin ƙira, sassauci, ƙarancin farashi, da kuma halayen kariyar muhalli.

Kayan carbon suna da kwanciyar hankali na musamman na thermochemical, kyakkyawan watsa wutar lantarki, ƙarfi mai yawa, da kuma abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na injiniya, wanda hakan ya sa su zama electrodes masu kyau ga batirin lithium-ion da batirin sodium-ion.

Ana iya caji da kuma fitar da manyan na'urori masu ƙarfi da sauri a ƙarƙashin yanayin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, kuma suna da tsawon rai na zagayowar fiye da sau 100,000. Su sabon nau'in wutar lantarki ne na musamman na ajiyar makamashin lantarki tsakanin capacitors da batura.

Supercapacitors suna da halaye na ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa da kuma yawan canjin makamashi mai yawa, amma yawan kuzarinsu yana da ƙasa, suna iya fitar da kansu, kuma suna iya zubar da sinadarin electrolyte idan aka yi amfani da su ba daidai ba.

Duk da cewa ƙwayar wutar lantarki tana da halaye na rashin caji, babban ƙarfin aiki, babban ƙarfin aiki da kuma kewayon wutar lantarki mai faɗi, babban zafin aiki, babban farashi, da ƙarancin ingancin canza makamashi yana sa ya kasance samuwa ne kawai a cikin tsarin kasuwanci. Ana amfani da shi a wasu nau'ikan.

Batirin gubar mai guba yana da fa'idodin fasaha mai rahusa, fasaha mai kyau, da aminci mai yawa, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a tashoshin sigina, kekunan lantarki, motoci, da kuma ajiyar makamashin grid. Allon gajere kamar gurɓata muhalli ba zai iya biyan buƙatun da ƙa'idodi masu girma na batirin adana makamashi ba.

Batirin Ni-MH suna da halaye na ƙarfin iya aiki, ƙarancin ƙimar kalori, babban ƙarfin monomer, da kuma yanayin fitarwa mai ɗorewa, amma nauyinsu yana da girma kaɗan, kuma akwai matsaloli da yawa a cikin sarrafa jerin batir, wanda zai iya haifar da narkewar na'urorin raba batir guda ɗaya cikin sauƙi.