Makamashi, a matsayin tushen abu don ci gaban wayewar ɗan adam, koyaushe yana taka muhimmiyar rawa.Garanti ne wanda babu makawa ga ci gaban al'umma.Tare da ruwa, iska, da abinci, ya zama yanayin da ake buƙata don rayuwar ɗan adam kuma yana shafar rayuwar ɗan adam kai tsaye..

Ci gaban masana'antar makamashi ya sami manyan canje-canje guda biyu daga "zamanin" itacen wuta zuwa "zamanin" na kwal, sannan daga "zamanin" kwal zuwa "zamanin" man fetur.Yanzu ya fara canzawa daga "zamanin" man fetur zuwa "zamanin" canjin makamashi mai sabuntawa.

Daga kwal a matsayin babban tushe a farkon karni na 19 zuwa man fetur a matsayin babban tushe a tsakiyar karni na 20, mutane sun yi amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu fiye da shekaru 200.Duk da haka, tsarin makamashin duniya wanda makamashin burbushin ya mamaye ya sa ya daina yin nisa da raguwar makamashin burbushin halittu.

Kamfanonin makamashin burbushin halittu guda uku na tattalin arzikin da ke wakiltar kwal, mai da iskar gas za su ƙare cikin sauri a cikin sabon ƙarni, kuma a cikin tsarin amfani da konewa, zai haifar da tasirin greenhouse, haifar da ƙazanta mai yawa, da gurɓatacce. yanayi.

Don haka, ya zama wajibi a rage dogaro da makamashin burbushin halittu, da canza tsarin amfani da makamashi mara ma'ana, da kuma neman sabon makamashi mai tsafta mara gurbacewa.

A halin yanzu, makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa ya ƙunshi makamashin iska, makamashin hydrogen, makamashin hasken rana, makamashin biomass, makamashin tidal da makamashin ƙasa da dai sauransu, kuma makamashin iska da hasken rana sune wuraren bincike na yanzu a duniya.

Duk da haka, har yanzu yana da matukar wahala a cimma ingantacciyar juzu'i da adana hanyoyin samar da makamashi daban-daban, don haka yana da wahala a yi amfani da su yadda ya kamata.

A wannan yanayin, don gane ingantaccen amfani da sabbin makamashin da ɗan adam ke samarwa, ya zama dole a samar da sabbin fasahohin adana makamashi masu dacewa da inganci, wanda kuma shine wuri mai zafi a cikin binciken zamantakewa na yanzu.

A halin yanzu, batirin lithium-ion, a matsayin daya daga cikin batura masu inganci, an yi amfani da su sosai a cikin na'urorin lantarki daban-daban, sufuri, sararin samaniya da sauran fannoni., al'amuran ci gaba sun fi wahala.

Halin jiki da sinadarai na sodium da lithium suna kama da juna, kuma yana da tasirin ajiyar makamashi.Saboda wadataccen abun ciki, rarraba iri ɗaya na tushen sodium, da ƙarancin farashi, ana amfani da shi a cikin fasahar adana makamashi mai girma, wanda ke da halayen ƙarancin farashi da inganci mai yawa.

A tabbatacce kuma korau electrode kayan na sodium ion baturi hada Layer mika mulki karfe mahadi, polyanions, mika mulki karfe phosphates, core-harsashi nanoparticles, karfe mahadi, wuya carbon, da dai sauransu.

A matsayin wani sinadari mai ɗimbin tanadi a yanayi, carbon yana da arha kuma yana da sauƙin samu, kuma ya sami karɓuwa mai yawa a matsayin abu na anode don batir sodium-ion.

Bisa ga matakin graphitization, carbon kayan za a iya raba kashi biyu: graphitic carbon da amorphous carbon.

Hard carbon, wanda yake na carbon amorphous, yana nuna takamaiman ƙarfin ajiyar sodium na 300mAh/g, yayin da kayan carbon tare da mafi girman digiri na graphitization suna da wahalar saduwa da amfani da kasuwanci saboda babban filin su da tsari mai ƙarfi.

Don haka, kayan aikin carbon da ba graphite ba ana amfani da su a cikin bincike mai amfani.

Don ƙara haɓaka aikin kayan aikin anode don batir sodium-ion, ana iya haɓaka hydrophilicity da conductivity na kayan carbon ta hanyar ion doping ko haɗawa, wanda zai iya haɓaka aikin ajiyar makamashi na kayan carbon.

A matsayin sinadari mara kyau na batirin ion sodium, mahadi na ƙarfe sune galibin ƙarfe carbides da nitrides masu girma biyu.Bugu da ƙari, kyawawan halaye na abubuwa masu girma biyu, ba za su iya kawai adana ions sodium ta hanyar adsorption da intercalation ba, amma har ma tare da sodium Haɗin ions yana haifar da capacitance ta hanyar halayen sinadarai don ajiyar makamashi, don haka yana inganta tasirin ajiyar makamashi.

Saboda tsadar farashi da wahala wajen samun mahadi na ƙarfe, kayan carbon har yanzu sune manyan kayan anode na batir sodium-ion.

Yunƙurin abubuwan haɗin ƙarfe na tsaka-tsaki mai laushi yana bayan gano graphene.A halin yanzu, abubuwa masu girma biyu da ake amfani da su a cikin batir sodium-ion galibi sun haɗa da NaxMO4 na tushen sodium Layered, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, da sauransu.

An fara amfani da kayan lantarki mai inganci na polyanionic a cikin ingantattun na'urorin lantarki na lithium-ion, kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da su a cikin batir sodium-ion.Mahimman kayan wakilci sun haɗa da lu'ulu'u na olivine kamar NaMnPO4 da NaFePO4.

An fara amfani da fosfat ɗin ƙarfe na canzawa azaman ingantaccen abu na lantarki a cikin batirin lithium-ion.Tsarin kira yana da ɗan ƙaramin balagagge kuma akwai sifofi da yawa.

Phosphate, a matsayin tsari mai girma uku, yana gina tsarin tsarin da ya dace da ƙaddamarwa da ƙaddamar da ions sodium, sa'an nan kuma ya sami batir sodium-ion tare da kyakkyawan aikin ajiyar makamashi.

Kayan tsari na ainihin-harsashi sabon nau'in kayan anode ne don batir sodium-ion wanda ya fito kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.Dangane da kayan asali, wannan kayan ya sami babban tsari ta hanyar ƙayataccen ƙirar tsari.

Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na tsarin harsashi sun haɗa da m cobalt selenide nanocubes, Fe-N co-doped core-harsashi sodium vanadate nanospheres, porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres da sauran m Tsarin.

Saboda kyawawan halayensa, haɗe tare da madaidaicin sihiri da tsari mara kyau, ƙarin ayyukan electrochemical suna fallasa ga electrolyte, kuma a lokaci guda, yana haɓaka motsin ion na electrolyte sosai don cimma ingantaccen tanadin makamashi.

Makamashin sabunta makamashi na duniya yana ci gaba da haɓakawa, yana haɓaka haɓaka fasahar adana makamashi.

A halin yanzu, bisa ga hanyoyin ajiyar makamashi daban-daban, ana iya raba shi zuwa ajiyar makamashi ta jiki da ajiyar makamashin lantarki.

Ajiye makamashin lantarki ya cika ka'idojin haɓaka sabbin fasahar ajiyar makamashi na yau saboda fa'idodinsa na babban aminci, ƙarancin farashi, sauƙin amfani, da ingantaccen inganci.

Dangane da matakai daban-daban na amsawar electrochemical, tushen wutar lantarki na makamashin lantarki galibi sun haɗa da supercapacitors, batirin gubar-acid, batirin wutar mai, batir hydride nickel-metal, batir sodium-sulfur, da baturan lithium-ion.

A cikin fasahar ajiyar makamashi, kayan lantarki masu sassauƙa sun jawo sha'awar binciken masana kimiyya da yawa saboda bambancin ƙira, sassauci, ƙarancin farashi, da halayen kare muhalli.

Kayayyakin Carbon suna da kwanciyar hankali na musamman na thermochemical, kyakyawar wutar lantarki, ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, da kaddarorin inji wanda ba a saba gani ba, yana mai da su alƙawarin lantarki don batirin lithium-ion da batir sodium-ion.

Za a iya cajin masu ƙarfin ƙarfi da sauri da fitarwa a ƙarƙashin manyan yanayi na yanzu, kuma suna da rayuwar zagayowar fiye da sau 100,000.Wani sabon nau'in samar da wutar lantarki ne na musamman na lantarki tsakanin capacitors da batura.

Supercapacitors suna da sifofin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin jujjuyawar kuzari, amma ƙarfin ƙarfin su yana da ƙasa, suna da saurin fitar da kansu, kuma suna da saurin zubar da ruwa yayin amfani da su ba daidai ba.

Kodayake ƙwayar wutar lantarki tana da halaye na babu caji, babban ƙarfin aiki, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iya aiki da kewayon ƙayyadaddun wutar lantarki, yawan zafin jiki na aiki, farashi mai tsada, da ƙarancin ƙarfin jujjuyawar makamashi yana sa shi kawai a cikin tsarin kasuwanci.ana amfani da su a wasu nau'ikan.

Batirin gubar-acid yana da fa'idodin ƙarancin farashi, fasaha mai girma, da babban aminci, kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a tashoshin siginar sigina, kekuna na lantarki, motoci, da ajiyar makamashi na grid.Gajerun allon allo kamar gurɓata muhalli ba za su iya biyan ƙarin buƙatu da ƙa'idodi na batura masu ajiyar makamashi ba.

Batura na Ni-MH suna da sifofin haɓaka mai ƙarfi, ƙarancin calorific, babban ƙarfin monomer, da ingantaccen yanayin fitarwa, amma nauyinsu yana da girma sosai, kuma akwai matsaloli da yawa a cikin sarrafa jerin baturi, wanda zai iya haifar da narkewa cikin sauƙi. masu raba baturi.