Tsananin hauhawar farashin kayan batir tun daga farkon shekarar 2021 yana haifar da hasashe kan ko dai lalacewar buƙata ko jinkiri, kuma ya haifar da ra'ayin cewa kamfanonin motoci za su iya canza fifikon motocinsu na lantarki.

A al'ada, fakitin da ya fi rahusa shine lithium-iron-phosphate, koLFP.Tesla ta fara amfani da LFP don ƙirarta ta farko da aka yi a China tun daga shekarar 2021. Sauran masu kera motoci kamar Volkswagen da Rivian suma sun sanar da cewa za su yi amfani da LFP a cikin ƙirarta mafi arha.

Batirin nickel-cobalt-manganese, ko NCM, wani zaɓi ne. Suna buƙatar irin wannan adadin lithium donLFPamma ya haɗa da cobalt, wanda yake da tsada kuma tsarin samar da shi yana da ce-ce-ku-ce.

Farashin ƙarfe na Cobalt ya karu da kashi 70% a shekarar. Nickel ya ga tashin hankali kwanan nan bayan ɗan gajeren matsin lamba a kan LME. Farashin nickel na watanni uku yana ciniki a tsakanin $27,920-$28,580/mt a ranar 10 ga Mayu.

A halin yanzu, farashin lithium ya karu da sama da kashi 700% tun farkon shekarar 2021, wanda ya haifar da babban hauhawar farashin fakitin batirin.
A cewar S&P Global Market Intelligence, farashin ƙarfe na batirin China a watan Maris ya karu da kashi 580.7% idan aka kwatanta da na batirin LFP a kowace dala a kowace kilogiram, wanda ya karu zuwa kusan dala 36 a kowace kwh. Batirin NCM ya karu da kashi 152.6% a cikin wannan lokacin zuwa dala 73-78 a kowace kwh a watan Fabrairu.

"Hanyanlithiuman ƙara farashinsa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata. Rangwame ne kaɗan fiye da yadda kuke tsammani [akan NCM] kuma da zarar kun haɗa abubuwan da suka shafi aiki, shawara ce mai wahala da za ku yanke. Kuna iya son bayar da wasu ayyuka don farashi, amma ba ta da arha sosai a kwanakin nan. ” in ji wani mai sayar da cobalt hydroxide.

"Akwai damuwa, hakika, saboda farashin LFP yana da haɗari sosai ga ɓangaren da yake hari, wanda shine batirin da batura masu araha," in ji wata majiyar samar da lithium.

"Babu wasu hanyoyi da za a iya amfani da su wajen amfani da batirin nickel (waɗanda ke ɗauke da sassa 8 na nickel ko fiye) a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci zuwa matsakaici. Komawa zuwa batirin NMC mai ƙarancin nickel ya sake haifar da damuwa game da amfani da cobalt, yayin da batirin LFP har yanzu ba zai iya daidaita aikin kewayon ba kuma yana da halaye marasa kyau na ƙarancin zafin jiki idan aka kwatanta da batirin nickel mai ƙarfin nickel," Alice Yu, babbar mai sharhi, S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Duk da cewa sinadaran da aka fi so a China su ne batirin LFP, ana kyautata zaton cewa NCM za ta taka rawa sosai a kasuwannin Tarayyar Turai - inda masu sayayya suka fi son motocin da ke kai su ko'ina cikin ƙasar ko kuma a tsakanin nahiyoyi da ƙananan kuɗi.

"Lokacin da muke duban tsara tashoshin batir, muna buƙatar bincika sassauci. A yanzu haka akwai daidaito tsakanin farashi tsakanin LFP da NCM. Idan LFP ta sake zama mai rahusa, wataƙila za mu iya ba da fifiko ga samarwa, amma a yanzu ya kamata mu samar da NCM saboda samfuri ne mai kyau." in ji wani kamfanin kera motoci na OEM.

Wani OEM na motoci na biyu ya maimaita wannan furucin, "Batiran LFP za su kasance a nan don motocin da ke matakin shiga, amma ba za a yi amfani da su don motocin da ke da tsada ba".

Ma'aunin iyakancewa

Samar da wutar lantarki ta lithium ya kasance babban abin damuwa ga kasuwar EV kuma wani abu da zai iya hana kowace kamfani komawa LFP cikin sauƙi.

Bincike daga S&P Global Commodity Insights ya nuna cewa idan duk ma'adinan lithium da ke cikin bututun suka zo kan layi a cikin lokacin da aka tsara, tare da takamaiman bayanai na kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen samar da batir, har yanzu za a sami raguwar mt 220,000 nan da shekarar 2030, idan aka yi la'akari da cewa buƙata ta kai mt miliyan 2 a ƙarshen shekaru goma.

Yawancin masu samar da lithium na Yammacin Turai suna da mafi girman kaso na fitowar su a ƙarƙashin kwangilolin dogon lokaci, kuma masu canza kayayyaki na China sun shagaltu da buƙatun kwangila na dindindin da na dindindin.

"Akwai buƙatu da yawa [tabo], amma ba mu da wani abu da ake da shi a yanzu," in ji majiyar mai samar da lithium. "Muna da adadi mai yawa ne kawai idan abokin ciniki ya sami matsala, ko ya soke jigilar kaya saboda wani dalili, in ba haka ba an yi rajistar komai," in ji shi.

Damuwar da ake nunawa game da lithium, da sauran karafan batir, wanda hakan ke kawo cikas ga amfani da na'urorin lantarki na EV, ya sa kamfanonin kera motoci su kara shiga cikin harkokin masana'antar.

Kamfanin General Motors zai zuba jari wajen haɓaka aikin Lithium na Hell's Kitchen da ke Controlled Thermal Resources a California. Stellantis, Volkswagen da Renault sun haɗu da Vulcan Resources don samun kayan aiki daga aikin Zero Carbon a Jamus.

Madadin sodium-ion

Ganin yadda ake tsammanin ƙarancin samar da lithium, cobalt da nickel, masana'antar batirin ta fara binciken wasu hanyoyin. Ana ɗaukar batirin Sodium-ion a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓuka mafi kyau.

Yawanci sodium-ion zai yi amfani da carbon a cikin anode da kayan aiki daga wani nau'i da aka sani da Prussian Blue a cikin cathode. Akwai "jerin karafa da za a iya amfani da su akan Prussian Blue, kuma zai bambanta dangane da kamfanin," a cewar Venkat Srinivasan, darektan Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS) da ke Amurka.

Majiyoyi sun ce babban fa'idar da sodium-ion ke da ita ita ce ƙarancin farashin samar da ita. Saboda yawan sinadarin sodium a duniya, waɗannan fakitin batirin za su iya kashe kusan kashi 3%-50% ƙasa da batirin lithium-ion. Yawan kuzarin yana kama da na LFP.

Fasaha ta zamani ta Amperex (CATL), daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kera batura a kasar Sin, ta bayyana a bara cewa ta fara amfani da batirin sodium-ion, tare da sinadarin AB da ke cikin batirin, wanda ya nuna cewa ta sami damar hada kwayoyin sodium-ion da kuma kwayoyin lithium-ion a cikin fakiti daya. Tsarin kera batirin sodium-ion da kayan aikinsa sun dace da batirin lithium-ion na yanzu, in ji CATL.

Amma kafin sodium-ion ya kai wani matsayi mai girma a fannin kasuwanci, akwai wasu matsaloli da ya kamata a magance su.

Har yanzu akwai wasu ci gaba da za a samu a gefen electrolyte da anode.

Idan aka kwatanta da batirin da ke amfani da LFP, sodium-ion yana da ƙarfi idan aka cire shi daga caji, amma yana da rauni idan aka caji.

Babban abin da ke iyakance wannan shi ne cewa wannan har yanzu yana ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin a samu a matakin kasuwanci.

Hakazalika, an zuba jarin biliyoyin daloli a cikin sarkar samar da lithium-ion bisa ga sinadarai masu arzikin lithium da nickel.

"Tabbas za mu duba sinadarin sodium-ion amma muna buƙatar mu fara mai da hankali kan fasahar da ta riga ta bayyana kuma ta kawo wannan injin a intanet," in ji wani kamfanin kera batir.